help vote for history's most value multiplying women

[chris macrae]

Never in the 170 years of The Economist have big organisations so undervalued the potential economics of women as today. This presents huge opportunities for the first 100 leaders of womens economics of the post-industrial revolution. 

FIRST MAPS TO SHARE NOW:

help us bring into context how hi-trust networking compounds the greatest value multipliers human beings (women, youth and men) ever innovate:

1) history's most value multiplying women (below) - how many of youth's 10000 job creators will be women (here)

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let's hope the 21st century both provides and recognises the half of the human race (women) which history has previously been biased against. Much of the start to this directory was inspired by
http://www.angelfire.com/anime2/100import/

English Speaking.	.Other Mother Tongues
.2nd half20thC Ingrid Munro; Female founders of THP Anne Dunham	.2nd half 20th c Nurjahan Begum  Ela Bhatt 4 female gandhis of lucknow
.Ella Baker one of the ironladies of de-segregation working with among others martin luther king in atlanta	.Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar's liberator Wangaari Maathai Barbara Parfitt
Pearl Sydenstricker Buck (June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973), also known by her Chinese name Sai Zhenzhu. Born in West Virginia, from early teens to 1934 she lived  in China. Her novel The Good Earth was the best-selling fiction book in the U.S. in 1931 and 1932, and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1932. In 1938, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces In 1949, outraged that existing adoption services considered Asian and mixed-race children unadoptable, Buck established Welcome House, Inc., the first international, interracial adoption agency. In nearly five decades of work, Welcome House has placed over five thousand children. In 1964, to support children who were not eligible for adoption, Buck established the Pearl S. Buck Foundation (now called Pearl S. Buck International) to "address poverty and discrimination faced by children in Asian countries." In 1965, she opened the Opportunity Center and Orphanage in South Korea, and later offices were opened in Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. When establishing Opportunity House, Buck said, "The purpose... is to publicize and eliminate injustices and prejudices suffered by children, who, because of their birth, are not permitted to enjoy the educational, social, economic and civil privileges normally accorded to children	.Mother Theresa,
.Rosalyn Sussman Yalow was born in New York City, New York, on July 19, 1921. She attended Hunter College and the University of Illinois, receiving her Ph.D. in physics in 1945. Then, from 1945 to 1950, she taught at Hunter College. In 1947, Rosalyn joined the staff at the Bronx Veterans Administration Hospital and served as the Mount Sinai School of Medicine's research professor. Thirty years later, she received the Nobel Prize in medicine for the radio immunoassay procedure's application to biomedical research.Rosalyn and her partner were responsible for the use of iodine as a tracer for the diagnosis of thyroid disease, investigated serum protein distribution in the human body, discovered (in insulin-treated patients' plasma) traces of insulin-binding antibodies, studied gastrin, the parathyroid hormone, the human growth hormone and corticotrophin, and made a procedure that enable today's doctors to diagnose hormonal excesses or deficiences and the diseases that are associated with them.	.
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.1st half 20thc Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City, New York, on October 11, 1884. Both of her parents and one of her brothers died before she was ten years old, so she and her surviving brother were raised by her relatives. When she was 15, she attended Allenswood girls boarding school in London, England. In 1902, she had to return to New York to prepare for her induction into society. It was then that she began teaching at a Manhattan Lower East Side settlement house.On March 17, 1905, Eleanor married her distant cousin, Franklin Roosevelt, in New York City, New York. Together, they had six children, but one died as an infant. She was elected to the Senate in 1911, but in April 1917, she returned to volunteer work. With the war going on, she visited wounded soldiers and participated in the Navy's Marine Corps Relief Society and a canteen of the Red Cross. In 1921, Eleanor joined the Women's Trade Union League and took an active role in the democratic party. She also became a member of the Legislative Affairs Committee of the League of Women Voters.Then, Eleanor's husband became president of the United States, and she became first lady. She had regular press conferences with women correspondents, became the president's "eyes and ears", wrote a newspaper column every day called "My Day", helped with child welfare, housing reform and equal rights for all racial minorities and women, defended African Americans rights, and helped new political parties get a new start in government.In 1945, Franklin died and Eleanor was appointed as a United Nations delegate and was the Commission on Human Rights' chairman from 1946 to 1951. In 1948, she helped draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in 1961, President John Fitzgerald Kennedy appointed her as his Commission on the Status on Women's chair.Eleanor died in New York City, New York, on November 7, 1962,	1st half 20th C Maria Montessori
. Margaret Louise Higgins was born in Corning, New York, on September 14, 1879, the sixth of eleven children. In 1896, she attended the Clawerack College and the Hudson River Institute. Then, four years later in 1900, she entered the White Plain Hospital nursing program. Two years later, she met William Sanger and they were married. In 1912, Margaret started a newspaper column daily about sex called "What Every Girl Should Know." She began arguing for family limitation (not repeated pregnancies) and stood up against the 1873 Comstock law, arguing for birth control availability. In March 1914, she published The Woman Rebel, but it was banned. She was indicted for obscenity law violation, but she got out on bail in October, acquired the alias Bertha Watson, went to England, and released 100,000 copies of a pamphlet called Family Limitation, giving information on the use of and applying contraceptives.In October 1915, Margaret returned to the United States to face the charges of her actions. However, all the charges were dropped when her daughter suddenly died. Soon after, she went on a tour nationwide to promote the use of birth control. In 1916, she opened the first birth control clinic in the United States in Brownsville in Brooklyn, New York. The clinic ended up being raided and she was arrested, but she didn't give up. In 1921, she created the American Birth Control League and in 1923, established a new, doctor-run, legal birth control clinic called the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau.In 1929, Margaret created the National Committee on Federal Legislature for Birth Control. One year later, she formed the Birth Control International Information Center. In 1936, physicians were exempt from the Comstock Law's ban on birth control marital impartation by the United States Court of Appeals. In 1939, she combined the American Birth Control League and the Birth Control Clinical Research Bureau, which became what is now called Planned Parenthood. Then, in 1952, she founded IPPF, the International Planned Parenthood Federation and was its president until 1959. Lastly, in 1965, the Supreme Court made birth control available for married couples. On September 6, 1966, Margaret Sanger died in a Tucson nursing home.   Jane Addams 1st us woman to win nobel peace prie - practical educator	.Lise Meitnerwas born on November 7, 1878, in Vienna, Austria, one of eight children. From early childhood, she had an interest in mathematics and physics, and when she was 23, she attended the University of Vienna and graduated from the university in 1906 with a Ph.D. in physics.Lise moved to Berlin in 1907, becoming the chemistry assistant to Wilhelm Ostwald. There, she tested alpha and beta radiation and developed the recoil method to conduct her experiments. In 1914, Lise was working with her partner, Otto Hahn, when he was drafted for World War I. Lise chose to write articles for the Brockhaus Encyclopedia when he was gone, but she was forced to stop when the editor found out she was a woman and wouldn't publish her articles. So in July 1915, Lise became an x-ray technician for the war effort. However, she soon became homesick and returned to Berlin in 1916. When she returned to Berlin, Lise began trying to discover the element on the periodic table that was between thorium and uranium. Hahn returned for a short while and together in 1918, they discovered the long awaited element between thorium and uranium: protactinium. In 1923, Lise became a lecturer in the physics department of the University of Berlin, the first woman to do so. She won the Leibniz prize and the Leiben prize, and she also received Nobel Prize nominations for ten consecutive years.In 1933, Hitler began taking control of Germany and Lise began to fear for her life and her job because she was Jewish. However, she refused to leave her studies because she believed she was protected by her Austrian lineage. So, she and Hahn began looking for elements above uranium in 1934. However, on March 12, 1938, Hitler invaded Austria and she became susceptible to the Third Reich's laws.Instead of having Lise remain in Germany, Hahn and her friends planned her escape, which she did on July 12. Still, she continued to work with Hahn, communicating by letters. However, she couldn't have her name on any publications because she was a runaway, so Hahn was receiving all the credit in their partnership.Together, Hahn and Lise discovered fission, the separation of atom nuclei (and thus the formation of a different element) by bombarding the nuclei with neutrons. In 1946, Hahn alone received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of fission. However, he gave a tribute to her in his acceptance speech, praising her great role in the discovery, and gave Lise all the reward money from the prize. Lise died in 1968. In 1992, Mieternium was the name given to element 109 in her honor.
.Amelia Earhart, pioneering female aviator and legendary spirit - More than eight decades ago, Earhart personified women’s empowerment without threatening men. She rode horses into a lather, deep-sea dived, was an early haute couture clothing designer, drove fast cars, worked multiple jobs to buy her first aircraft, mentored immigrant youths, studied languages, overhauled car and aeroplane engines, wrote poetry, started an airline, danced up a storm, set countless aviation firsts, received honours from around the world, took a First Lady on her first aeroplane ride (at night), hobnobbed with royalty, wrote books, became a household name ... and, at her professional apogee, vanished without trace.     -interesting amelia knew Bucky, may even have wanted to invest in hist 1930s futuristic car https://lisawallerrogers.wordpress.com/tag/amelia-earhart/ I come across a lot of networks still energised today by buckminster fullers innovations bfi.org/ - he has always been at interesting crossroads between exploration, ecology, engineering and green systems	.
.Ruth Benedict - one of the best anthropologists in explaining why culture matters in an accessible way- sp-ent world war 2 in japan publishing a book "Chrystanthenum and Sword" on japaense culture in 1946 2 years before her death which remains one of the best ways in for Amer4ucan educated minds to explore japanese and asian values	.
.Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was born in Cairo, Egypt, on May 12, 1910. She attended Somerville College at Oxford in 1932 and received a Chemistry degree. While in college, Dorothy used x-ray crystallography to show atomic structure and discovered that crystals are made of atoms in repeating, regular patterns.Her work showed crystal packing molecules and their scheme of hydrogen bonds. This was a great chemical breakthrough because they were the first analyses made from 3-D calculations.In 1934, Dorothy returned to Oxford University and took x-ray photographs of insulin by herself, changing modern biolgoy. Then, in 1937, she graduated from Cambridge University with a doctorate and married Dr. Thomas Hodgkin.Between 1942 and 1949, Dorothy worked to identify penicillin's structure, which she established in 1945 with x-ray crystallography, and then made further clarifications. In 1947, she became a member of Britain's scientific organization, the Royal Society.In 1955, she took the first x-ray diffraction pictures of Vitamin B-12. In 1956 and 1958, she received the Royal Medal and became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, respectively. In 1961, Dorothy determined the structure of the naturally-occurring Vitamin B-12, and since Vitamin B-12 helps build red blood cells, it became a treatment for anemia. . In 1964, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her structure of Vitamin B-12. In1969, she completed insulin's structure and it became helpful in treating diabetes. Dorothy died from a stroke in Ilmington, England, on July 29, 1994. She had done much to contribute to the field of chemistry, but she had also adopted over 75 children in need of homes from many different countries around the world.	.
. Juliette Magill Kinzie Gordon Low was born in Savannah, Georgia,  1860. The turning point in Juliette's life was when she visited England and Europe. When she came home at age 52, she brought back the idea of an organization like Boy Scouts, except for girls instead. She began the Girl Scout movement. She handled the movement's needs until 1916, but then she created the National Board to help her. The National Board, to this day, plays an important part in the running of the Girl Scouts of the United States of America. Juliette is responsible for the Girl Scout Promise: On my honor, I will try To serve God, and my country, To help people at all times, And to live by the Girl Scout law. Juliette died in 1927, gone but never forgotten. Her birthplace in Savannah, Georgia, has been made into a national landmark	.
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.19th C Mary Stevenson Cassattborn on May 22, 1844, in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, was one of the leading artists in the Impressionist movement of the later part of the 1800s. Moving to Paris, her home for the rest of her life, she was befriended by Edgar Degas. After 1910, her increasingly poor eyesight virtually put an end to her serious painting, and she died in 1926. Quotes "I think that if you shake the tree, you ought to be around when the fruit falls to pick it up." – Mary Cassatt Cassatt enrolled in Philadelphia's Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts at age 16. She found the male faculty patronizing and resentful became frustrated by the curriculum's slow pace . She decided to leave and move to Europe where she could study the works of the Old Masters on her own, firsthand. Despite her family's strong objections (her father declared he would rather see his daughter dead than living abroad as a "bohemian"), Mary Cassatt left for Paris in 1866. She began her study with private art lessons in the Louvre, where she would study and copy masterpieces. She continued to study and paint in relative obscurity until 1868, when one of her portraits was selected at the prestigious Paris Salon, an annual exhibition run by the French government. In 1870, soon after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, Mary Cassatt reluctantly returned home to live with her parents.  Cassatt was contacted by the archbishop of Pittsburgh. He wanted to commission the artist to paint copies of two works by the Italian master Correggio. Cassatt accepted the assignment and left immediately for Europe, where the originals were on display in Parma, Italy. With the money she earned from the commission, she was able to resume her career in Europe. The Paris Salon accepted her paintings for exhibitions in 1872, 1873 and 1874, which helped secure her status as an established artist. She continued to study and paint in Spain, Belgium, and Rome, eventually settling permanently in Paris.  During this time, she drew courage from painter Edgar Degas, whose pastels inspired her to press on in her own direction. "I used to go and flatten my nose against that window and absorb all I could of his art," she once wrote to a friend. "It changed my life. I saw art then as I wanted to see it." Her admiration for Degas would soon blossom into a strong friendship, and Mary Cassatt exhibited 11 of her paintings with the Impressionists in 1879. The show was a huge success both commercially and critically, and similar exhibits were staged in 1880 and 1881. While many of her fellow Impressionists were focused on landscapes and street scenes, Mary Cassatt became famous for her portraits. She was especially drawn to women in everyday domestic settings, especially mothers with their children. But unlike the Madonnas and cherubs of the Renaissance, Cassatt's portraits were unconventional in their direct and honest nature. Commenting in American Artist, Gemma Newman noted that "her constant objective was to achieve force, not sweetness; truth, not sentimentality or romance." Her experimentation with a variety of techniques often led her to unexpected places. For example, drawing inspiration from Japanese master printmakers, she exhibited a series of colored prints, including Woman Bathing and The Coiffure, in 1891. Soon after, Mary Cassatt began taking an interest in young, American artists. She also sponsored fellow Impressionists and encouraged wealthy Americans to support the fledgling movement by purchasing artwork. She became an advisor to several major collectors, with the stipulation that their purchases would eventually be passed on to American art museums.	.19th C
.susan anthony posthumous source of what became 19th amendent giving women right to vote in usa from 1920	.Marie Curiewas born as Maria Skladowska in Warsaw, Poland on November 7, 1867. At age 16, she won a gold medal for graduating from secondary school and then started working as a teacher to help support her family.In 1891, Marie went to Paris and worked at a laboratory of the physicist Gabriel Lippman. There, in 1894, she met Pierre Curie, and they were married on July 25, 1895. In the summer of 1898, Marie and Piere discovered the element Polonium. A few months later, she and Pierre also discovered Radium. Marie also obtained pure metallic radium with A. Debierne and in 1903, Marie won the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with her husband and another scientist. She became the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics. Marie then introduced a different teaching method at Sevres, a school for girls, that was based on demonstrations of experiments. She was made chief assistant of the laboratory at Sevres in 1904. On April 19, 1906, Marie's husband, Pierre, died, but she was still able to continue her scientific work. She became the first female head of Laboratory at the Sorbonne University in Paris in 1906 and also received another Nobel Prize, this one in Chemistry, in 1911. She was the first person ever to win two Nobel Prizes. In 1922, Marie became a member of the Academy of Medicine.
.Clara Barton- America's Florence Nightingale - after a life of service  founded America's Red Cross age 60 in 1881 . .Elizabeth Blackwell - source of inspiration in both uk (london),  and usa (new york region) as first to be registered with medical qualification, networker with florence nightingale, founder of uk's nation health society and school of medicine for women. Blackwell was born 1821 in Bristol England but moved with her father's business to New York 1932 at age 11. David McCulloch's book - The Greater Journey; Americans in Paris (1830-1900) - cites Elizabeth Backwell as one of the Americans who found that to excel in their work, Paris was the place to connect through. "In America, Blackwell's passion to qualify as a doctor had been thwarted by major medical schools; a minor one Geneva medical School in upstate New York granted her a  medical degree in little more than a year! That was too easy - so Elizabeth (aged 28)  in 1849  went to paris where most physicians showed no interest in her until Pierre Louis advised her to enter La Materinite - the world's leading maternity hospital. While this apprenticeship as an elder American surrounded by younger French girls was quite an ordeal, Eliabeth later concluded: The medical experience was invaluable at that period of pioneer effort. It enabled me later to enter upon practice with a confidence in one important branch of medicine that no other period of study afforded. .Florence Nightingale OM, RRC ( /ˈflɒrəns ˈnaɪtɨŋɡeɪl/; 12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910) was a celebrated English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. She came to prominence while serving as a nurse during the Crimean War, where she tended to wounded soldiers. She was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp" after her habit of making rounds at night.-She also created the Nightingale School for Nurses at St. Thomas' Hospital in London	.
.Jane Austen- arguably the greatest female author of earliest 19th c - renowned for a generosity of spirit -died in 1817 at age 42 (which makes her 17 short years as an active writer the more amazing)	.
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.	.Joan of arc -1400s helped save France in battles against the English-made a saint at start of 20th C
.	.Catherine the Great was born 1729- Sophie Fredericke Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst - in a German princess in part of Prissia that is now in poland. She married the Russian King Peter who was disliked by the people and replaced by Catherine who became one of Russia's greatest leaders. Catherine instituted many changes of government to try to reunite the Russian classes once more. These changes resolved around decentralization, the distribution of functions and power, gentry's participation. The land units were subdivided into provinces and then into districts to give the local governments more power. The courts and the procedures of the judicial branch of government were further organized. Catherine tried to separate the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, but failed. She extended the serfdom throughout Russia and transfered the church property to the state. She also started colonization of the Volga river and southern Russia. However, Catherine's main interest was also in culture and education. She established boarding schools like the Smolny Institute for Girls and the Russian Academy of Letters. Public publishing houses were licensed and because works could now be published, journalism flourished. Hospitals and medical colleges were founded, surgical and medical equipment was being made in Russia, and they were leading the war in disease control.
.	. St. Catherine was born on March 25, 1347 in Siena, Italy. Age 17, she became a nun and soon began to tend to the ill, especially the ones with horrible infectious diseases. Age 23, she began doing accomplishments for the world, like trying to reform the clergy and the Papacy's states, trying to restore peace to Italy, and trying to unite all Christians. I June 1376, Catherine became the ambassador of the Florentines in Avignon. She tried to make peace and failed, but she did convince the Pope to return to Rome. In 1377, Catherine learned the skill of writing, for she had always depended on her "secretaries" to accomplish that task for her. Then, in 1378, she was sent once more on a peace mission to Florence. At start of 1380, she created a reconciliation between Pope Urban VI and the Roman Republic but died soon after on April 29, 1380 in Rome. The many works that she completed, including "Dialogue", around 400 letters, and a series of "Prayers", are now classics of Italian literature.
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